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SOUND CODES IN THE FERTILITY RITUAL OF THE ALLPA MAMA IN THE INTY RAYMI CAÑARI, ECUADOR

CÓDIGOS SONOROS EN EL RITUAL DE FECUNDIDAD DE LA ALLPA MAMA EN EL INTY RAYMI CAÑARI EN ECUADOR

Patricia Pauta-Ortiz, Alexander Mansutti-Rodríguez and Diego Apolo

Inty Raymi (Fiesta del Sol) is a festival held every June solstice in the Andean Ecuador, specifically in the villages of the mountainous areas of the ancient Tawantinsuyo (Guamán-Poma de Ayala 1980 [1613]). In the Cañari region of Ecuador, Inty Raimi consists of several rituals, one of them being the Allpa Mama (Mother Earth). The sound codes in the festival, i.e., the codes that give a sense to the sounds accompanying the ceremony, are made by musical instruments like the kipa, the pinkullu, the maraca or chac cha, and the drum. This qualitative study draws on participant observation during the event, interviews with community informants, and image and sound recordings. Based on that, the different roles of the participants of the ritual and the function of the musical sonorities were identified. The last segment of this article highlights the way in which the musical activities of this Cañari ritual involve interactions between the human and the non-human, interactions that are passed down from generation to generation.

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A PICTOGRAM NAMED TUPAC AMARU. ABOUT A NOMINATED RUPESTRIAN PAINTING AT CHAUPIQAQA-ANDASCO, CALCA (CUSCO - PERÚ)

UN PICTOGRAMA LLAMADO TÚPAC AMARU. ACERCA DE UNA PINTURA RUPESTRE NOMINADA EN CHAUPIQAQA- ANDASCO, CALCA (CUSCO - PERÚ)

Raúl Carreño-Collatupa

One of the post-Columbian Espinar rock art panels of Chaupiqaqa-Andasco, Calca, contains the figure of a horseman with a lightning-like antler headdress, known in the local oral tradition as “Túpac Amaru.” These paintings were made when Túpac Amaru’s Great Rebellion troops attacked Calca at the end of 1780. It is the only known case of a Peruvian pictogram that recalls a historical figure. The analysis allows stating that the depicted rider is not José Gabriel Túpac Amaru but his first cousin, Diego Cristóbal, who commanded the army in the area and became the rebellion leader after José Gabriel’s execution. It would be a case of syncretism between symbols of power and legitimacy, which used the name of Diego and the Hispano- Andean symbolism of lightning to present Diego Cristóbal as a Santiago-Illapa-Amaru personification.

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A DISRUPTED DESERT, A BUDDING REPUBLIC: CAUDILLISMO AND POLITICAL STRUGGLES IN SOUTHERN PERU (TARAPACÁ 1842-1858)

UN DESIERTO CONVULSIONADO, UNA REPÚBLICA EN CIERNES: CAUDILLISMO Y PUGNAS POLÍTICAS EN EL EXTREMO SUR DEL PERÚ (TARAPACÁ 1842-1858)

Luis Castro Castro

The Battle of Tarapacá in 1842 was a socio-political turning point for the Tarapacá Province as it showed the consolidation of saltpeter businessmen as a corporate group with distinct economic and political interests. Eventually and rather hastily, this made them clash with the remnants of the former dominant group, whose origins lay in silver mining and agriculture. In this context, this article aims to describe and analyze a rarely addressed period and an absolutely forgotten process, namely, how the groups with power of the Tarapacá Province understood and what stance they took on the constant revolts and revolutions in Peru between 1840 and 1850, where the unique scenario, on the one hand, strained the local dynamics with the general processes and, on the other, aggravated the continuing conflict arising from the efforts of the Tarapacá inhabitants to promote the saltpeter industry and the emergence of a local caudillismo willing to fight for small amounts of power.

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OF TIMES AND TIDES: SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF TIME AMONG SMALL- SCALE FISHERMEN IN THE SOUTH OF CHILE. THE CASE OF CHILOÉ

DE TIEMPOS Y DE MAREAS: CONSTRUCCIÓN SOCIAL DEL TIEMPO ENTRE PESCADORES ARTESANALES DEL SUR DE CHILE. EL CASO DE CHILOÉ

Guadalupe Valencia García, Asunción Díaz Álvarez, Francisco Ther-Ríos and Gonzalo Saavedra Gallo

We believe that time as a social representation and a form of arranging collective experience can express the ways in which small-scale fishermen from Chiloé organize and ensure their survival as a defined social group. To this purpose, they use a common memory and time-related orientations towards the future. In this paper, we aim to analyze how they perceive, organize, and experience time as strategies to creatively confront new conditions of life, fostered by accelerated transformations of their environment. The results that we present here are sorted out into two sections: one showing how the time-space conceptual coupling in Chiloé gains great richness in the bordering life of the shores; the other analyzing the main narratives that organize the existence of small-scale fishermen and fisherwomen in Chiloé timewise.

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CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICACY OF THE LEAST-COST PATH IN THE PREDICTIVE STUDY OF QHAPAQ ÑAN

EVALUACIÓN CRÍTICA DE LA EFICACIA DEL CAMINO DE MENOR COSTE PARA EL ESTUDIO PREDICTIVO DEL QHAPAQ ÑAN

Pablo Mignone

The Inca road system, with an extension of 60,000 km, is the largest archaeological object in the Americas. This substantial characteristic makes it an object of study and preservation from a scientific and heritage perspective. Accordingly, different methodologies have begun to be adopted to record it and interpret it, including geomatic modeling. In this context, this work aims to assess whether the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, such as the Least-Cost Path calculation, which is commonly used in archeology, can be applied to the study of the Qhapaq Ñan, or, on the contrary, and as the few historical data show in this regard, it is better to use other less economistic techniques that include a more comprehensive look of the human experience in the landscape. To assess the applicability of this space technique, four sections of Inca roads were studied in the Prepuna and Puna areas of the province of Salta, Argentina, which, during the Cuzco occupation, played a key role in the control of productive activities and in symbolic terms.

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